MOTHERING CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: KEY EXPERIENCES OF INDONESIAN MOTHERS
Abstract
The shelter-in-place mandate imposed by the Indonesian government during the Covid-19 pandemic led to disruptions of the school routines and therapy services for children living with autism spectrum disorder. Thus, this study aims to describe the experiences of mothering autistic children during the pandemic. The qualitative research approach was employed and the purposive samples of four mothers were interviewed online. The data were then analysed using the interpretative phenomenological analysis and four main themes were identified. Those were the changing roles of mothers during the Covid-19 pandemic, the factors that contributed to the parenting difficulties during the pandemic,coping mechanisms employed by mothers of autistic children during the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the impacts of Covid-19 pandemic toward autistic children and their consequences for the process of mothering. The findings of this study highlight the trials and tribulations of mothering autistic children during the crisis situation like the global pandemic. These findings will contribute to the improvement of educational and psychological services delivered to the autistic children and their mothers during the pandemic.
Keywords: Mothering, children with autism spectrum disorder, Covid-19 pandemic, experiences
References
Alhuzimi, T. (2021). Stress and emotional wellbeing of parents due to change in routine for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at home during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 108, 103822.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 5. 70.
Behnia, F., Rassafiani, M., Nakhai, S., Mohammadpour, M., & Ahmadi, K. M. (2017). Time use of mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder: A comparative study. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 49-56.
Bent, S., Hossain, B., Chen, Y., Widjaja, F., Breard, M., & Hendren, R. (2020). The experience of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative analysis.
Bruni, O., Melegari, M. G., Breda, M., Cedrone, A., Finotti, E., Malorgio, E., ... & Ferri, R. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 18(1), 137-143.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods: Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2016. 5th ed.
Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S., & Hooley, J. M. (2017). Abnormal psychology: Pearson Education India.
Cahapay, M. B. (2020). How Filipino parents home educate their children with autism during COVID-19 period. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 1-4.
Colizzi, M., Sironi, E., Antonini, F., Ciceri, M. L., Bovo, C., & Zoccante, L. (2020). Psychosocial and behavioral impact of COVID-19 in autism spectrum disorder: an online parent survey. Brain sciences, 10(6), 341.
Creswell, J. W. (1996). Research design. Qualitative and Quantitative Approach. Thousand Oaks: SagePublications.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches: Sage publications.
Daulay, N. (2021). Home education for children with autism spectrum disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic: Indonesian mothers experience. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 114, 103954.
Friesen, K. A., Weiss, J. A., Howe, S. J., Kerns, C. M., & McMorris, C. A. (2021). Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Caregivers of Autistic Individuals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the Families Facing COVID Study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-11.
Howitt, D. (2019). Introduction to qualitative research methods in psychology: Putting theory into practice: Pearson UK.
Kirsh, S. J., Duffy, K. G., & Atwater, E. (2013). Psychology for Living: Adjustment, Growth, and Behavior Today: Pearson Higher Ed.
Kring, A. M., Davison, G. C., Neale, J. M., & Johnson, S. L. (2007). Abnormal psychology: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Kring, A. M., & Johnson, S. L. (2018). Abnormal psychology: The science and treatment of psychological disorders: John Wiley & Sons.
Kuhn, J. C., & Carter, A. S. (2006). Maternal self‐efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564-575.
Levante, A., Petrocchi, S., Bianco, F., Castelli, I., Colombi, C., Keller, R., . . . Lecciso, F. (2021). Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Peers: An Online Survey. Brain sciences, 11(6), 808.
Lugo-Marín, J., Gisbert-Gustemps, L., Setien-Ramos, I., Español-Martín, G., Ibañez-Jimenez, P., Forner-Puntonet, M., . . . Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic effects in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their caregivers: Evaluation of social distancing and lockdown impact on mental health and general status. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 83, 101757.
Majoko, T., & Dudu, A. (2020). Parents’ strategies for home educating their children with Autism Spectrum Disorder during the COVID-19 period in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 1-5.
McCauley, J. B., Mundy, P., & Solomon, M. (2019). Parenting and autism spectrum disorder.
Meral, B. F. (2021). Parental Views of Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-13.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods: Sage publications.
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International journal of qualitative methods, 16(1), 1609406917733847.
Punch, K. (2005). Introduction to social research : quantitative and qualitative approaches: London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif. : SAGE, 2005. 2nd ed.
Rogers, K. (2021). Pandemic:disease outbreak. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/pandemic#ref1279958
Samadi, S. A., Bakhshalizadeh-Moradi, S., Khandani, F., Foladgar, M., Poursaid-Mohammad, M., & McConkey, R. (2020). Using hybrid telepractice for supporting parents of children with asd during the COVID-19 lockdown: A feasibility study in Iran. Brain sciences, 10(11), 892.
Smith, J. A., & Shinebourne, P. (2012). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: American Psychological Association.
Stanisławski, K. (2019). The coping circumplex model: an integrative model of the structure of coping with stress. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 694.
Tokatly Latzer, I., Leitner, Y., & Karnieli-Miller, O. (2021). Core experiences of parents of children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Autism, 25(4), 1047-1059.
VandenBos, G. R. (2007). APA dictionary of psychology: American Psychological Association.
Vernhet, C., Dellapiazza, F., Blanc, N., Cousson-Gélie, F., Miot, S., Roeyers, H., & Baghdadli, A. (2019). Coping strategies of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 28(6), 747-758.
White, S. W., Stoppelbein, L., Scott, H., & Spain, D. (2021). It took a pandemic: Perspectives on impact, stress, and telehealth from caregivers of people with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 113, 103938.
Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology: McGraw-hill education (UK).
Wong, P. W., Lam, Y., Lau, J. S., & Fok, H. (2020). The Resilience of Social Service Providers and Families of Children With Autism or Development Delays During the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Community Case Study in Hong Kong. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11.
Young, E., Milligan, K., Henze, M., Johnson, S., & Weyman, K. (2021). Caregiver burnout, gaps in care, and COVID-19: Effects on families of youth with autism and intellectual disability. Canadian Family Physician, 67(7), 506.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
1. The journal and respective authors hold exclusive copyrights of all materials published in The 19th International Postgraduate Research Colloquium (IPRC).
2. Any reproduction of any parts from the journal, without proper acknowledgment or prior permission, will result in an infringement of intellectual property laws.
3. IPRC is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA), which means that this journal has the rights to copy and redistribute its materials in any medium or format and adapt the materials for any purpose as long as it keeps the Author's name as the owner of Copyright.
4. Printed and electronically published manuscripts are open access for educational, research, and library purposes. The editorial board shall not be liable for violations of copyright law for other purposes.