A Review : The Effect of Nanoparticles in Vegetable Oil on Surface Roughness in Machining Processes

Ayu Pratiwi, Alfian Noviyanto

Abstract


The use of mineral oil based and synthetic coolants in machining processes remains dominant, despite their negative impacts on the environment and occupational health. Vegetable oils have emerged as an environment friendly alternative due to their biodegradable, non toxic properties, and renewable sources. However, thermal and tribological limitations restrict their performance under extreme conditions. To address this, various studies have investigated the addition of nanoparticles to vegetable oils to form nanofluids with improved lubrication and cooling performance. Nanoparticles such as aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), and graphene have been shown to enhance thermal conductivity, reduce friction, and form protective tribological layers. This literature review discusses the effect of the combination of vegetable oil and nanoparticles on surface roughness in machining processes. The results show that nanofluids can significantly reduce surface roughness, particularly in Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) systems. The effectiveness of nanofluids is greatly influenced by the type, size, and concentration of nanoparticles, where the optimal concentration varies but remains within a certain range (e.g., 2.5% for Al₂O₃). This study emphasizes that the development of plant-based nanofluids is a strategic approach toward efficient, environment friendly, and sustainable machining.

Keywords


Surface roughness, nanoparticles, nanofluids, vegetable oil

Full Text:

PDF

References


T. P. Jeevan and S. R. Jayaram, “Tribological Properties and Machining Performance of Vegetable Oil Based Metal Working Fluids—A Review,” Modern Mechanical Engineering, vol. 08, no. 01, pp. 42–65, 2018, doi: 10.4236/mme.2018.81004.

A. Kumar Banjare and J. Chauhan, “IJCRT2106625 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org f268 Application And Determination Of The Effects Of Vegetable Oil-Based Cutting Fluids In The Machining Processes-A Review,” 2021, [Online]. Available: www.ijcrt.org

J. Singh, S. S. Gill, M. Dogra, and R. Singh, “A review on cutting fluids used in machining processes,” Mar. 01, 2021, IOP Publishing Ltd. doi: 10.1088/2631-8695/abeca0.

S. A. Lawal, I. A. Choudhury, I. O. Sadiq, and A. Oyewole, “Vegetable-oil based metalworking fluids research developments for machining processes: Survey, applications and challenges,” Manuf Rev (Les Ulis), vol. 1, 2014, doi: 10.1051/mfreview/2014021.

Y. Singh, A. K. Pandey, N. K. Singh, A. Sharma, and A. Farooq, “Sustainability of polanga oil based blended lubricant at different load and sliding distance,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 39, no. 19, pp. 1970–1977, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1080/15567036.2017.1393473.

M. T. Siniawski, N. Saniei, B. Adhikari, and L. A. Doezema, “Influence of fatty acid composition on the tribological performance of two vegetable-based lubricants,” Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 101–110, Apr. 2007, doi: 10.1002/jsl.32.

S. Bhan, R. Gautam, and P. Singh, “An experimental assessment of combustion, emission, and performance behavior of a diesel engine fueled with newly developed biofuel blend of two distinct waste cooking oils and metallic nano-particle (Al2O3),” Scientia Iranica, vol. 29, no. 4, 2022, doi: 10.24200/sci.2022.58882.5947.

L. Samylingam et al., “Thermal analysis of cellulose nanocrystal-ethylene glycol nanofluid coolant,” Int J Heat Mass Transf, vol. 127, pp. 173–181, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.IJHEATMASSTRANSFER.2018.07.080.

H. Zhu, Y. Dong, Q. Liu, G. Guo, L. Dong, and Y. Xu, “Preparation of Multifunctional Nano-Molybdenum Disulfide and Its Tribological Properties in Water-Based Cutting Fluids,” Langmuir, vol. 39, no. 38, 2023, doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01305.

S. Debnath, M. M. Reddy, and Q. S. Yi, “Influence of cutting fluid conditions and cutting parameters on surface roughness and tool wear in turning process using Taguchi method,” Measurement (Lond), vol. 78, pp. 111–119, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2015.09.011.

M. N. Islam, “Effect of amount of cutting fluid on surface finish of turned parts,” in Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2011, pp. 170–177. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.87.170.

W. Aunur Rofiq et al., “Analisis Pengaruh Variasi Jenis Cairan Pendingin dan Gerak Makan (Feeding) Pada Mistcooling Proses Bubut (Turning) Terhadap Kekasaran Permukaan Baja S45C”, [Online]. Available: http://journal2.um.ac.id/index.php/jtmp

A. Mohamed Mahmoud IBRAHIM et al., “Cooling and lubrication techniques in grinding: A state-of-the-art review, applications, and sustainability assessment,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 76–113, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.CJA.2023.03.026.

K. Jagatheesan and K. Babu, “Experimental Investigation Of Minimum Quantity Lubrication Effects In Turning Process With Nano Fluids Using AISI 4320.”

S. Polo, E. M. Rubio, M. M. Marín, and J. M. Sáenz de Pipaón, “Evolution and Latest Trends in Cooling and Lubrication Techniques for Sustainable Machining: A Systematic Review,” Feb. 01, 2025, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). doi: 10.3390/pr13020422.

S. Debnath, M. Anwar, A. K. Basak, and A. Pramanik, “Use of palm olein as cutting fluid during turning of mild steel,” Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 21, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.1080/14484846.2020.1842156.

S. Chakraborty and P. K. Panigrahi, “Stability of nanofluid: A review,” 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115259.

S. Mane, R. B. Patil, A. Roy, P. Shah, and R. Sekhar, “Analysis of the Surface Quality Characteristics in Hard Turning Under a Minimal Cutting Fluid Environment,” Applied Mechanics, vol. 6, no. 1, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.3390/applmech6010005.

J. M. Vieira, A. R. Machado, and E. O. Ezugwu, “Performance of cutting ¯uids during face milling of steels.”

M. A. Xavior and M. Adithan, “Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel,” J Mater Process Technol, vol. 209, no. 2, pp. 900–909, Jan. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.02.068.

W. Gao et al., “Experimental Analysis of Milling Aluminum Alloy with Oil-Less Lubrication of Nano-Fluid,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Institute of Physics Publishing, Jul. 2020. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1578/1/012182.

A. Pal, S. S. Chatha, and H. S. Sidhu, “Performance Evaluation of Various Vegetable Oils and Distilled Water as Base Fluids Using Eco-friendly MQL Technique in Drilling of AISI 321 Stainless Steel,” International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing - Green Technology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 745–764, May 2022, doi: 10.1007/s40684-021-00355-2.

R. A. Kazeem et al., “Advances in the Application of Vegetable-Oil-Based Cutting Fluids to Sustainable Machining Operations—A Review,” Lubricants, vol. 10, no. 4, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.3390/lubricants10040069.

S. A. Lawal, I. A. Choudhury, and Y. Nukman, “Application of vegetable oil-based metalworking fluids in machining ferrous metals - A review,” Jan. 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2011.09.003.

R. Almi Putra et al., “Nanomaterial Sintesis Dan Analisis Penerbit Cv.Eureka Media Aksara.”

S. Hu et al., “Nanoparticle-enhanced coolants in machining: mechanism, application, and prospects,” Dec. 01, 2023, Higher Education Press Limited Company. doi: 10.1007/s11465-023-0769-8.

V. Vasu and K. M. Kumar, “Analysis of Nanofluids as Cutting Fluid in Grinding EN-31 Steel,” Nano-Micro Lett, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 209–214, 2011, doi: 10.3786/nml.v3i4.p209-214.

U. M. R. Paturi, G. N. Kumar, and V. S. Vamshi, “Silver nanoparticle-based Tween 80 green cutting fluid (AgNP-GCF) assisted MQL machining - An attempt towards eco-friendly machining,” Clean Eng Technol, vol. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2020.100025.

M. Jafarian Zenjanab, S. Pedrammehr, M. R. Chalak Qazani, and M. R. Shabgard, “Influence of Cutting Fluid-Based CuO-Nanofluid with Boric Acid-Nanoparticles Additives on Machining Performances of AISI 4340 Tool Steel in High-Speed Turning Operation,” Iranian Journal of Science and Technology - Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 46, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s40997-021-00452-2.

Z. Fuadi, R. Kurniawan, and F. Mulana, “Tribo-layer Properties on AISI52100 Lubricated by Palm Methyl Ester Containing Graphene Nanosheet,” Tribology in Industry, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 191–200, 2023, doi: 10.24874/ti.1372.09.22.03.

Z. Fuadi et al., “Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Tribological Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/Polyolester Oil Bio-Lubricant,” Front Mech Eng, vol. 8, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3389/fmech.2022.810847.

Z. Fuadi, R. Kurniawan, and F. Mulana, “Tribo-layer Properties on AISI52100 Lubricated by Palm Methyl Ester Containing Graphene Nanosheet,” Tribology in Industry, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 191–200, 2023, doi: 10.24874/ti.1372.09.22.03.

R. R. Srikant and P. N. Rao, “Use of Vegetable-Based Cutting Fluids for Sustainable Machining,” 2017. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-51961-6_2.

X. Wang et al., “Vegetable oil-based nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication turning: Academic review and perspectives,” J Manuf Process, vol. 59, pp. 76–97, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.JMAPRO.2020.09.044.

G. I. P. Perera and T. S. Wegala, “Improving the novel white coconut oil-based metalworking fluid using nano particles for minimum surface roughness and tool tip temperature,” Cleaner Materials, vol. 11, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.clema.2024.100227.

W. Wu et al., “Specific Energy and G ratio of Grinding Cemented Carbide under Different Cooling and Lubrication Conditions,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 105, no. 1–4, pp. 67–82, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s00170-019-04156-5.

Z. Duan et al., “Milling force and surface morphology of 45 steel under different Al2O3 nanofluid concentrations,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 107, no. 3–4, pp. 1277–1296, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00170-020-04969-9.

B. Sen, M. Mia, M. K. Gupta, M. A. Rahman, U. K. Mandal, and S. P. Mondal, “Influence of Al2O3 and palm oil–mixed nano-fluid on machining performances of Inconel-690: IF-THEN rules–based FIS model in eco-benign milling,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 103, no. 9–12, pp. 3389–3403, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s00170-019-03814-y.

A. Garg, S. Sarma, B. N. Panda, J. Zhang, and L. Gao, “Study of effect of nanofluid concentration on response characteristics of machining process for cleaner production,” J Clean Prod, vol. 135, pp. 476–489, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2016.06.122.

N. Talib and E. A. Rahim, “Performance of modified jatropha oil in combination with hexagonal boron nitride particles as a bio-based lubricant for green machining,” Tribol Int, vol. 118, pp. 89–104, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.TRIBOINT.2017.09.016.

P. Rapeti, V. K. Pasam, K. M. Rao Gurram, and R. S. Revuru, “Performance evaluation of vegetable oil based nano cutting fluids in machining using grey relational analysis-A step towards sustainable manufacturing,” J Clean Prod, vol. 172, pp. 2862–2875, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.11.127.

P. N. L. Pavani, R. Pola Rao, and S. Srikiran, “Performance evaluation and optimization of nano boric acid powder weight percentage mixed with vegetable oil using the Taguchi approach,” Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 4877–4883, Nov. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s12206-015-1035-8.

R. Padmini, P. Vamsi Krishna, and G. Krishna Mohana Rao, “Effectiveness of vegetable oil based nanofluids as potential cutting fluids in turning AISI 1040 steel,” Tribol Int, vol. 94, pp. 490–501, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1016/J.TRIBOINT.2015.10.006.

S. S. Rahman, M. Z. I. Ashraf, A. N. Amin, M. S. Bashar, M. F. K. Ashik, and M. Kamruzzaman, “Tuning nanofluids for improved lubrication performance in turning biomedical grade titanium alloy,” J Clean Prod, vol. 206, pp. 180–196, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2018.09.150.

S. A. Lawal, I. A. Choudhury, and Y. Nukman, “Evaluation of vegetable and mineral oil-in-water emulsion cutting fluids in turning AISI 4340 steel with coated carbide tools,” J Clean Prod, vol. 66, pp. 610–618, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.066.

A. Z. Sultan, S. Sharif, and D. Kurniawan, “Drilling of AISI 316L stainless steel: Effect of coolant condition on surface roughness and tool wear,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Physics Inc., Apr. 2020. doi: 10.1063/5.0000548.

P. B. Patole, G. J. Pol, A. A. Desai, and S. B. Kamble, “Analysis of surface roughness and cutting force under MQL turning using nano fluids,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, Elsevier Ltd, 2021, pp. 5684–5688. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.501.

A. Balasuadhakar, S. Thirumalai Kumaran, and F. Ahmed, “A review on the role of nanoparticles in MQL machining,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 72, pp. 2828–2832, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.07.247.

P. B. Patole, V. V. Kulkarni, and S. G. Bhatwadekar, “MQL Machining with nano fluid: A review,” 2021, EDP Sciences. doi: 10.1051/mfreview/2021011.

R. A. Kazeem et al., “Advances in the Application of Vegetable-Oil-Based Cutting Fluids to Sustainable Machining Operations—A Review,” Lubricants, vol. 10, no. 4, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.3390/lubricants10040069.

X. Luo, S. Wu, D. Wang, Y. Yun, Q. An, and C. Li, “Sustainable development of cutting fluids: The comprehensive review of vegetable oil,” J Clean Prod, vol. 473, p. 143544, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143544.

N. S. Ross et al., “Development and potential use of MWCNT suspended in vegetable oil as a cutting fluid in machining of Monel 400,” J Mol Liq, vol. 382, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121853.

A. Pratiwi and H. Pranoto, “A Review: The Effect of Synthetic, Mineral, and Vegetable Coolants on Surface Roughness in Machining Processes,” International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Materials, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 70–76, 2025.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jtm.v15i01.36830

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Teknik Mesin (Journal Of Mechanical Engineering)

Jurnal Teknik Mesin (JTM)
Program Studi Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Mercu Buana
Jl. Meruya Selatan No. 01, Kembangan, Jakarta Barat 11650, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
Telp.: 021-5840815/ 021-5840816 (Hunting)
Fax.: 021-5871335

JTM is indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

View My Stats