Email this article 
Evaluation of the Performance of Corroded Concrete with Bottom Ash and Bacteria using Resistivity and Impact Echo Techniques
Abstract
Concrete is a cause of emissions or global warming. Environmentally friendly reinforced concrete (RC) is one of the alternatives to this problem, using waste derived from industrial residual materials such as bottom ash (BA). On the other hand, it has also been realized that the damage due to corrosion is crucial, so repair is needed. The addition of Bacillus subtillis bacteria in this study is expected to increase the self-repair performance of corroded RC with BA. This research uses concrete mixtures with 10%, 20%, and 30% of BA variations as replacements of sand. The RC specimens with BA and bacteria are accelerated corrosion for 48, 96, and 168 hours to determine the strength and durability. The corroded RC specimens were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, corrosion process, NDT methods, and SEM analysis. The NDT methods used are impact echo (IE) and resistivity techniques. For the results of the corrosion process, increasing the BA variations on the RC specimen decreases the resistance of the corrosion rate, which are 2.07, 1.64, and 1.47 amperes, respectively. The results of corrosion for 168 hours show that the BN specimen has an IE frequency of 2561.04 Hz which is the lowest compared to the 30% BA specimen with the highest frequency at 7924.81 Hz. For 168 hours of corrosion, the resistivity results were BN specimen lower than the 20% BA specimen, which are 18.25 kΩ·cm and 29.27 kΩ·cm, respectively. The IE and resistivity results show that the addition of BA and bacteria on concrete specimens has a lower risk of corrosion compared to normal concrete.
Keywords
References
M. M. A. Elahi, M. M. Hossain, M. R. Karim, M. F. M. Zain, and C. Shearer, "A review on alkali-activated binders: Materials composition and fresh properties of concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 260, p. 119788, 2020, DOI. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119788.
I. Bošković and A. Radivojević, "Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of hemp-lime concrete wall constructions in Serbia: The impact of carbon sequestration, transport, waste production and end of life biogenic carbon emission," Journal of Building Engineering, Article vol. 66, 2023, Art no. 105908, DOI. 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.105908.
K. C. Onyelowe and D. P. N. Kontoni, "The net-zero and sustainability potential of SCC development, production and flowability in concrete structures," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Article vol. 18, pp. 530-541, 2023, DOI. 10.1093/ijlct/ctad033.
N. Akhtar et al., "Ecological footprint and economic assessment of conventional and geopolymer concrete for sustainable construction," Journal of Cleaner Production, Article vol. 380, 2022, Art no. 134910, DOI. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134910.
M. Rafieizonooz, E. Khankhaje, and S. Rezania, "Assessment of environmental and chemical properties of coal ashes including fly ash and bottom ash, and coal ash concrete," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 49, p. 104040, 2022/05/15/ 2022, DOI. 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104040.
M. Singh and R. Siddique, "Effect of coal bottom ash as partial replacement of sand on workability and strength properties of concrete," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 112, pp. 620-630, 2016/01/20/ 2016, DOI. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.001.
H.-F. Li, Q.-Q. Yu, K. Zhang, X.-Y. Wang, Y. Liu, and G.-Z. Zhang, "Effect of types of curing environments on the self-healing capacity of mortars incorporating crystalline admixture," Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 18, p. e01713, 2023/07/01/ 2023, DOI. 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01713.
N. D. Tran, W. Saengsoy, and S. Tangtermsirikul, "Self-healing behavior of expansive mortars with fly ash and bottom ash," Engineering Journal, Article vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 121-133, 2021, DOI. 10.4186/ej.2021.25.2.121.
S. Amirthaganesan, B. Ramesh, N. B. Veluru, and V. Kumar, Influence of Bacteria Bacillus Subtilis and Its Effects on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Self-Healing Process. 2020.
P. V. Yatish Reddy, B. Ramesh, and L. Prem Kumar, "Influence of bacteria in self healing of concrete - a review," in Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, vol. 33, pp. 4212-4218, DOI. 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.233.
K. D. Wulandari et al., "Effect of microbes addition on the properties and surface morphology of fly ash-based geopolymer paste," Journal of Building Engineering, Article vol. 33, 2021, Art no. 101596, DOI. 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101596.
K. W. Nindhita and A. Zaki, "State of the art: Correlation self-healing agent and corrosion on concrete," in E3S Web of Conferences, 2023, vol. 429, DOI. 10.1051/e3sconf/202342905034.
M. Daniyal and S. Akhtar, "Corrosion assessment and control techniques for reinforced concrete structures: a review," Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 1, 2019/11/18 2019, DOI. 10.1007/s41024-019-0067-3.
K. M. Priyaa, P. Srinivasan, and P. Gajalakshmi, "Experimental Study on Corrosion Behaviour of Concrete Containing Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate," Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 857, pp. 88-94, 2017, DOI. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.857.88.
A. Zaki, M. A. Wibowo, S. A. P. Rosyidi, and K. Mahbubi, "Corrosion Analysis of Concrete using Resistivity Method," in 2023 International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing (IWAIIP), 1-2 Dec. 2023 2023, pp. 428-432, DOI. 10.1109/IWAIIP58158.2023.10462756.
A. C. Rahita and A. Zaki, "Corrosion Analysis on Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Using the Eddy Current Method," in Proceedings - 2023 3rd International Conference on Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Intelligent System: Responsible Technology for Sustainable Humanity, ICE3IS 2023, 2023, pp. 476-480, DOI. 10.1109/ICE3IS59323.2023.10335487.
A. Zaki, M. A. Fikri, C. A. Wibisono, and S. A. P. Rosyidi, "Evaluating Pre-Corrosion and Post-Corrosion of Oil Palm Shell Concrete with Non-Destructive Testing," in Key Engineering Materials, vol. 942, 2023, pp. 137-162.
A. Zaki, H. K. Chai, D. G. Aggelis, and N. Alver, "Non-destructive evaluation for corrosion monitoring in concrete: A review and capability of acoustic emission technique," Sensors (Switzerland), Review vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 19069-19101, 2015, DOI. 10.3390/s150819069.
H. Hamada, A. Alattar, B. Tayeh, F. Yahaya, and A. Adesina, "Sustainable application of coal bottom ash as fine aggregates in concrete: A comprehensive review," Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 16, p. e01109, 2022/06/01/ 2022, DOI. 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01109.
M. Singh and R. Siddique, "Effect of Low-Calcium Coal Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate on Microstructure and Properties of Concrete," ACI Materials Journal, vol. 112, no. 5, 2015, DOI. 10.14359/51687753.
P. Chindasiriphan, B. Meenyut, S. Orasutthikul, P. Jongvivatsakul, and W. Tangchirapat, "Influences of high-volume coal bottom ash as cement and fine aggregate replacements on strength and heat evolution of eco-friendly high-strength concrete," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 65, p. 105791, 2023/04/15/ 2023, DOI. 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105791.
L. B. Andrade, J. C. Rocha, and M. Cheriaf, "Influence of coal bottom ash as fine aggregate on fresh properties of concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 609-614, 2009/02/01/ 2009, DOI. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.003.
S. Ju, S. Bae, J. Jung, S. Park, and S. Pyo, "Use of coal bottom ash for the production of sodium silicate solution in metakaolin-based geopolymers concerning environmental load reduction," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 391, p. 131846, 2023/08/08/ 2023, DOI. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131846.
N. Chahal, R. Siddique, and A. Rajor, "Influence of bacteria on the compressive strength, water absorption and rapid chloride permeability of fly ash concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 351-356, 2012.
M. Sadeghpour and M. Baradaran, "Effect of bacteria on the self-healing ability of fly ash concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 364, p. 129956, 2023.
K. D. Wulandari et al., "Effect of microbes addition on the properties and surface morphology of fly ash-based geopolymer paste," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 33, p. 101596, 2021.
M. Singh and R. Siddique, "Properties of concrete containing high volumes of coal bottom ash as fine aggregate," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 91, pp. 269-278, 2015.
M. Rafieizonooz, J. Mirza, M. R. Salim, M. W. Hussin, and E. Khankhaje, "Investigation of coal bottom ash and fly ash in concrete as replacement for sand and cement," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 116, pp. 15-24, 2016.
A. Saxena, S. S. Sulaiman, M. Shariq, and M. A. Ansari, "Experimental and analytical investigation of concrete properties made with recycled coarse aggregate and bottom ash," Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 197, 2023/06/22 2023, DOI. 10.1007/s41062-023-01165-y.
T.-P. Huynh and S.-H. Ngo, "Waste incineration bottom ash as a fine aggregate in mortar: An assessment of engineering properties, durability, and microstructure," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 52, p. 104446, 2022/07/15/ 2022, DOI. 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104446.
P. Morla, R. Gupta, P. Azarsa, and A. Sharma, "Corrosion Evaluation of Geopolymer Concrete Made with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash," Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 398, 2021, DOI. 10.3390/su13010398.
A. Zaki, H. Rahayu, D. A. Nugraha, S. A. P. Rosyidi, N. N. Kencanawati, and S. Fonna, "Resistivity Method Evaluation of Corroded OPS-Concrete," in E3S Web of Conferences, 2024, vol. 476: EDP Sciences, p. 01037.
D. E. Dixon et al., "Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal," Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete (ACI 211.1-91), 1991.
T. A. El Maaddawy and K. A. Soudki, "Effectiveness of impressed current technique to simulate corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete," Journal of materials in civil engineering, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 41-47, 2003.
C. Liang et al., "Effect of additional water content and adding methods on the performance of recycled aggregate concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 423, p. 135868, 2024/04/12/ 2024, DOI. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135868.
A. I. F. Ahmad Maliki et al., "Compressive and tensile strength for concrete containing coal bottom ash," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 271, no. 1, p. 012055, 2017/11/01 2017, DOI. 10.1088/1757-899X/271/1/012055.
K. Mermerdaş, S. İpek, A. M. Anwer, Ş. Ekmen, and M. Özen, "Durability performance of fibrous high-performance cementitious composites under sulfuric acid attack," Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 147, 2021/09/12 2021, DOI. 10.1007/s43452-021-00298-0.
E. Chen, C. G. Berrocal, I. Fernandez, I. Löfgren, and K. Lundgren, "Assessment of the mechanical behaviour of reinforcement bars with localised pitting corrosion by Digital Image Correlation," Engineering Structures, vol. 219, p. 110936, 2020/09/15/ 2020, DOI. 10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110936.
K. Timčaková-Samarkova, M. Matysík, and Z. Chobola, "Possibilities of NUS and impact-echo methods for monitoring steel corrosion in concrete," Materiali in Tehnologije, Article vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 565-570, 2016, DOI. 10.17222/mit.2015.149.
C. Van Nguyen, P. Lambert, and V. N. Bui, "Effect of Locally Sourced Pozzolan on Corrosion Resistance of Steel in Reinforced Concrete Beams," International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 619-630, 2020/06/01 2020, DOI. 10.1007/s40999-019-00492-5.
M. Madhan Kumar, D. Vijaya Ganapathy, V. Subathra Devi, and N. Iswarya, "Experimental Investigation on Fibre Reinforced Bacterial Concrete," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 22, pp. 2779-2790, 2020/01/01/ 2020, DOI. 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.409.
S. N. Priyom, M. M. Ismal, and W. Shumi, "Assessment on Strength Characteristics of Microbial Concrete by using Bacillus Subtilis as Self-healing Agent: A Critical Review," International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 34-44, 02/02 2021.
E. Stanaszek-Tomal, "Bacterial Concrete as a Sustainable Building Material?," Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 696, 2020, DOI. 10.3390/su12020696.
M. A. Hizami Abdullah, N. A. Harmiza Abdullah, and M. F. Tompang, "Development and Performance of Bacterial Self-healing Concrete - A Review," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 431, no. 6, p. 62003, 2018/10/01 2018, DOI. 10.1088/1757-899X/431/6/062003.
K. W. Nindhita, A. Zaki, and A. M. Zeyad, "Effect of Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria on the mechanical properties of corroded self-healing concrete," Frattura ed Integrita Strutturale, Article vol. 18, no. 68, pp. 140-158, 2024, DOI. 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.68.09.
H. Ganesan, A. Sachdeva, P. Petrounias, P. Lampropoulou, P. K. Sharma, and A. Kumar, "Impact of Fine Slag Aggregates on the Final Durability of Coal Bottom Ash to Produce Sustainable Concrete," Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 6076, 2023.
R. Garg, M. Bansal, and Y. Aggarwal, "Strength, rapid chloride penetration and microstructure study of cement mortar incorporating micro and nano silica," International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 3697-3713, 2016.
B. Zhang, Y. Ma, Y. Liang, Y. Wang, and T. Ji, "Effect of Alkali Content on the High-Temperature Behavior of Alkali-Activated Slag Paste Containing MSWI Bottom Ash," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Article vol. 36, no. 6, 2024, Art no. 04024120, DOI. 10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16522.
J. Alcántara, D. de la Fuente, B. Chico, J. Simancas, I. Díaz, and M. Morcillo, "Marine atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel: A review," Materials, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 406, 2017.
S. Poudel, S. Menda, J. Useldinger-Hoefs, L. E. Guteta, B. Dockter, and D. S. Gedafa, "The Use of Ground Coal Bottom Ash/Slag as a Cement Replacement for Sustainable Concrete Infrastructure," Materials, vol. 17, no. 10, p. 2316, 2024, DOI. 10.3390/ma17102316.
M. Vaičienė and E. Simanavičius, "The Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash on the Properties and Durability of Cement Concrete," (in eng), Materials (Basel), vol. 15, no. 13, Jun 25 2022, DOI. 10.3390/ma15134486.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
SINERGI
Published by:
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Mercu Buana
Jl. Raya Meruya Selatan, Kembangan, Jakarta 11650
Tlp./Fax: +62215871335
p-ISSN: 1410-2331
e-ISSN: 2460-1217
Journal URL: http://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi
Journal DOI: 10.22441/sinergi
Journal by SINERGI is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
The Journal is Indexed and Journal List Title by:
