Spatial optimization of human-activity energy harvesting potential using Space Syntax in campus buildings

Abstract

Campus buildings are generally not designed to utilize mechanical energy generated from routine human activities such as walking and stair climbing, limiting their contribution to decentralized energy systems. This study investigates how spatial configuration can enhance the potential for human-activity-based energy harvesting in campus circulation spaces. The research develops a spatial optimization approach based on Space Syntax analysis to identify circulation zones with high potential for implementing energy harvesting. The study was conducted in the Faculty of Engineering Building at Universitas Krisnadwipayana, a multi-level campus facility characterized by intensive pedestrian movement. A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design compared the existing spatial layout with a redesigned configuration. Spatial analysis used connectivity and visual integration metrics calculated with DepthmapX. In addition, field observations quantified pedestrian movement intensity, including step counts and path frequency along corridor and stair circulation routes. These data were used to evaluate the spatial feasibility of implementing piezoelectric-based energy harvesting systems. The results indicate a substantial increase in the Potential Zone Ratio (PZR), from 34.6% in the existing layout to 84.72% after spatial reconfiguration. This improvement was achieved through circulation optimization, enhanced spatial continuity, and the integration of behavior-supportive architectural elements without modifying the primary structural system. These findings demonstrate that spatial configuration plays a critical role in concentrating pedestrian movement and expanding zones suitable for human-activity energy harvesting. The proposed framework provides a practical strategy for integrating spatial analysis into sustainable campus building design.