Designing the framework architecture of a blockchain-based cooperative oversight system in Indonesia: a Socio-Technical System (STS) approach

Abstract

Indonesia’s cooperative sector plays a strategic role in inclusive economic development, yet persistent weaknesses in supervision continue to produce fragmented information, inconsistent data, and governance risks across administrative levels. These conditions motivate the design of an integrated e-government architecture for cooperative oversight. This study designs a framework architecture for a blockchain-based cooperative oversight system in Indonesia using a qualitative case study approach and Socio-Technical Systems (STS) theory to derive architectural requirements from institutional, regulatory, and organizational conditions. Data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions with 46 participants, as well as through the analysis of national regulations. The proposed framework specifies a six-layer e-government architecture aligned with ISO 23257:2022, comprising blockchain, service, access, application, security and privacy, and infrastructure layers. The architecture defines permissioned participation, role-based identity management, standardized oversight workflows, and hybrid on-chain and off-chain data management to support traceable and coordinated supervision across institutions. The designed framework provides an architectural foundation for strengthening cooperative oversight while accommodating heterogeneous institutional capacity, regulatory requirements, and uneven digital infrastructure in Indonesia.