PENGAMATAN ORIENTALISME pada arsitektur ISTANA MAIMUN dan MASJID RAYA MEDAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22441/vitruvian.2020.v10i1.010Keywords:
Orientalisme, Arsitektur Mughal, Istana MaimunAbstract
Orientalisme dalam keilmuan sejarah arsitektur dipahami sebagai sebuah kegiatan mengadopsi elemen arsitektur kebudayan Timur oleh individual Barat. Orientalisme melihat Timur sebagai sesuatu yang eksotis sehingga kegiatan adopsi tersebut seringkali menghasilkan bentuk yang tidak pada tempatnya dan tidak bermakna. Pemahaman orientalisme kemudian juga berkaitan dengan kolonialisme, karenanya menarik untuk melihat apakah pemahaman tersebut muncul dalam karya arsitektur Indonesia dari era pemerintahan kolonial Belanda. Kami memilih obyek penelitian Istana Maimun dan Masjid Raya dengan pertimbangan penggunaan elemen yang bukan khas wilayah setempat, Medan Sumatra Utara, dan bahwa kedua obyek adalah karya arsitek Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sejarah dengan mengamati arsip gambar dan literatur yang tersedia. Hasil pengamatan dan analisa berdasarkan teori yang ditentukan menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan paham orientalisme dalam arsitektur tidak dapat ditentukan dari pengamatan terhadap bentuk fisik saja, melainkan juga proses dan latar belakang pemilik, perancang, dan masyarakat dimana objek berdiri. Dalam penelitian ini maka termasuk sejarah Kesultanan Deli selaku pendiri dan pemilik objek dan kondisi setempat di Medan pada waktu objek ini dirancang dan dibangun.
Orientalism in the science of history of architecture is understood as the Western act of adopting Eastern cultural element into their work of arts. Orientalism perceives the East as an exotic object thus their adaptation often resulted in misplaced and meaningless shapes. Orientalism is related to colonialism therefore it is interesting to see whether this idea is applied to Indonesian architecture built in the Dutch colonial era. We chose the Maimoon Palace and Great Mosque in Medan, North Sumatra considering that shapes foreign to Medan were used in the architecture and that the architect was from the West. This research used historical approach by observation towards archival images and literatures. The result of this observation and theoretical analysis revealed that the existence of orientalism in architecture could not be determined from its physical appearance only, instead should also consider its background and construction process. In the case of Maimoon Palace and Great Mosque this means that the history of Deli Sultanate as builder and owner, as well as the local situation in Medan during its planning and construction.
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