Determinant of Affective Commitment: Mediation and Moderation Mechanism of Job Satisfaction and Job Tenure

Noermijati Noermijati; Desi Tri Kurniawati; Daniyatul Farhiya; Masyhuri Masyhuri

doi:10.22441/jurnal_mix.2024.v14i2.015

Determinant of Affective Commitment: Mediation and Moderation Mechanism of Job Satisfaction and Job Tenure

Noermijati Noermijati, Desi Tri Kurniawati, Daniyatul Farhiya, Masyhuri Masyhuri

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of followership in increasing affective commitment, complemented by a mediation mechanism using job satisfaction and moderating variable job tenure.

Methodology: This study is using the quantitative research approach involving 131 employees from the service industry in East Java. Data retrieval using a convenience sampling technique. The instrument used is a questionnaire that is distributed online. Data analysis used SEM_PLS with Smartpls 3.0 application.

Finding: The results found that followership can increase work satisfaction, and job satisfaction can directly affect commitment. Surprisingly, good followership had no direct effect on affective commitment. However, the followership mediation mechanism successfully increases affective commitment through job satisfaction. Finally, job tenure has succeeded in strengthening the role of followership in increasing affective commitment.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that if a leader wants to increase employees' affective commitment using a followership attitude, they must pay attention to employee job satisfaction and tenure.

Keywords

Followership; Job Satisfaction; Affective Commitment

Full Text:

PDF

References

Alshuhumi, S. R., Al-Hidabi, D. A., & Al-Refaei, A. A. A. (2024). Unveiling the behavioral nexus of innovative organizational culture: Identification and affective commitment of teachers in primary schools. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 34(1), 130-152.

Ashraf, M. A. (2020). Demographic factors, compensation, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in private university: an analysis using SEM. Journal of Global Responsibility, 11(4), 407-436.

Blanchard, A. L., Welbourne, J., Gilmore, D., & Bullock, A. (2009). Followership styles and employee attachment to the organization. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 12(2), 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10887150902888718

Caldwell, S., Liu, Y., Fedor, D. B., & Herold, D. M. (2009). Why are perceptions of change in the “eye of the beholder”? The role of age, sex, and tenure in procedural justice judgments. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45(3), 437-459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886309336068

Cantarelli, P., Belardinelli, P., & Belle, N. (2016). A meta-analysis of job satisfaction correlates in the public administration literature. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 36(2), 115–144.

Carsten, M. K., Uhl-Bien, M., West, B. J., Patera, J. L., & McGregor, R. (2010). Exploring social constructions of followership: A qualitative study. The leadership quarterly, 21(3), 543-562.

Carsten, M. K., Uhl-Bien, M., & Huang, L. (2018). Leader perceptions and motivation as outcomes of followership role orientation and behavior. Leadership, 14(6), 731–756. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715017720306

Cheng, J. T., Gerpott, F. H., Benson, A. J., Bucker, B., Foulsham, T., Lansu, T. A., ... & Tsuchiya, K. (2022). Eye gaze and visual attention as a window into leadership and followership: A review of empirical insights and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 101654.

Chan, S., & Mak, W. M. (2014). Transformational leadership, pride in being a follower of the leader and organizational commitment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(8), 674-690. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-09-0076

Chernyak-Hai, L., Bareket-Bojmel, L., & Margalit, M. (2023). A matter of hope: Perceived support, hope, affective commitment, and citizenship behavior in organizations. European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2023.03.003

Cohen, A. (1991). Career stage as a moderator of the relationships between organizational commitment and its outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64, 253-268.

Currivan, D. B. (1999). The causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in models of employee turnover. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 495–524.

Davidescu, A.A., Apostu, S-A., Paul, A., Casuneanu, I., (2023). Work Flexibility, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance among Romanian Employees— Implications for Sustainable Human Resource Management. Sustaianability, 12(15), 6086; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156086

Deci EL (1991) Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 18: 105–115.

Demircioglu, M. A. (2023). The effects of innovation climate on employee job satisfaction and affective commitment: Findings from public organizations. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 43(1), 130-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X211043559

Dubey, P., Pathak, A. K., & Sahu, K. K. (2023). Assessing the influence of effective leadership on job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour. Rajagiri Management Journal. Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAMJ-07-2022-0108

Fahmi J. (2016). Pengaruh Komitmen Afektif, Komitmen Normatif Dan Komitmen Berkelanjutan Terhadap Turnover Intention Pada Dosen Tetap Stie Inaba Bandung, Jurnal Indonesia Membangun, Vol 15. No. 2, 2016, ISSN : 1412- 6907

Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Gilbert, G. R., & Hyde, A. C. (1988). Followership and the Federal Worker. Public Administration Review, 48(6), 962. https://doi.org/10.2307/976992

Guohao, L., Pervaiz, S., & Qi, H. (2021). Workplace friendship is a blessing in the exploration of supervisor behavioral integrity, affective commitment, and employee proactive behavior–An empirical research from service industries of Pakistan. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 1447-1459.

Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7

Haffar, M., Al-Karaghouli, W., Djebarni, R., Al-Hyari, K., Gbadamosi, G., Oster, F., ... & Ahmed, A. (2023). Organizational culture and affective commitment to e-learning’changes during COVID-19 pandemic: The underlying effects of readiness for change. Journal of Business Research, 155, 113396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113396

Harefan, A., Yuliantini, T., Thoullon, M. S., Marlapa, E., Soelton, M., Karyatun, S., & Humaidah, S. I. (2023). Intimate Servant Leadership and Transformational Leadership Improve Organizational Citizenship Behavior. American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM), 06-16.

Harmon-Jones, E., & Mills, J. (2019). An introduction to cognitive dissonance theory and an overview of current perspectives on the theory. In E. Harmon-Jones (Ed.), Cognitive dissonance: Reexamining a pivotal theory in psychology (pp. 3–24). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000135-001

Hendayani, R. and Fernando, Y. (2023), Adoption of blockchain technology to improve Halal supply chain performance and competitiveness. Journal of Islamic Marketing, Vol. 14 No. 9, pp. 2343-2360.

Hinić, D., Grubor, J., & Brulić, L. (2017). Followership styles and job satisfaction in secondary school teachers in Serbia. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45(3), 503-520.

Hinojosa, A. S., Gardner, W. L., Walker, H. J., Cogliser, C., & Gullifor, D. (2017). A review of cognitive dissonance theory in management research: Opportunities for further development. Journal of Management, 43(1), 170-199.

Hoboubi, N., Choobineh, A., Ghanavati, F.K., Keshavarzi, S., Hosseini, A., A. (2017). The Impact of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction on Workforce Productivity in an Iranian Petrochemical Industry. Safety and Health at Work, 8(1), 67-71; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2016.07.002

Hosen, S., Hamzah, S. R. A., Ismail, I. A., Alias, S. N., Abd Aziz, M. F., & Rahman, M. M. (2024). Training & development, career development, and organizational commitment as the predictor of work performance. Heliyon, 10(1).

Ho, W. H., Chang, C. S., Shih, Y. L., & Liang, R. D. (2009). Effects of job rotation and role stress among nurses on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. BMC Health Services Research, 9(1), 8–10.

Jin, M., McDonald, B., & Park, J. (2016). Followership and job satisfaction in the public sector: The moderating role of perceived supervisor support and performance-oriented culture. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 29(3), 218–237. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-05-2015-0101

Johnson, R. E., Lin, S. H., Kark, R., Van Dijk, D., King, D. D., & Esformes, E. (2017). Consequences of regulatory fit for leader–follower relationship quality and commitment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 90(3), 379-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12176

Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724.

Kandampully, J., Bilgihan, A., & Amer, S. M. (2023). Linking servicescape and experiencescape: creating a collective focus for the service industry. Journal of Service Management, 34(2), 316-340. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-08-2021-0301

Kelley, R. E. (1992). The power of followership: How to create leaders people want to follow, and followers who lead themselves. New York: Doubleday.

Kim, Y. S. (2011). Application of the cognitive dissonance theory to the service industry. Services Marketing Quarterly, 32(2), 96-112.

Kosasih, K., Yulaity, F., Paramarta, V., Kania, D., & Fitriana, F. (2024). Big Five Personality on Life Satisfaction: Job satisfaction and Job Stress as Mediators (Study on Small Enterprises in Garut Regency). Mix Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, 14(1), 101-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jurnal_mix.2024.v14i1.006

Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2014). Organizational Behavior. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill Education.

Lott, Y., & Abendroth, A. K. (2023). Affective commitment, home‐based working and the blurring of work–home boundaries: evidence from Germany. New Technology, Work and Employment, 38(1), 82-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12255

Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). Psychological capital development: toward a micro‐intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27(3), 387-393. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373

Meredith, C., Moolenaar, N., Struyve, C., Vandecandelaere, M., Gielen, S., & Kyndt, E. (2023). The importance of a collaborative culture for teachers’ job satisfaction and affective commitment. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 38(1), 43-62. 10. https://doi.org/1007/s10212-022-00598-w

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61–89.

Morton, L., DiDona, T., & Endo, T. (2011). Follow the leader: How followership styles influence organizational commitment. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 4(22), 31. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/follow-leader-how-followership-styles-influence/docview/1318927953/se-2

Murniasih, E and Ketut S. (2016). Pengaruh Persepsi Dukun gan Organisasi dan Kompetensi pada Kinerja Karyawan Dimediasi Komitmen Afektif. Management Analysis Journal, Universitas Negeri Semarang 5 (1) (2016), ISSN 2252- 6552

Nurjanah, S., Pebianti, V., & Handaru, A. W. (2020). The influence of transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational commitments on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the inspectorate general of the Ministry of Education and Culture. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1793521. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1793521

Park, I. J., & Hai, S. (2024). Person-organization fit, person-job fit and organizational commitment among hotel employees: the roles of positive affect and calling. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(3), 852-872.

Pathardikar, A. D., Mishra, P. K., & Sahu, S. (2023). Procedural justice influencing affective commitment: mediating role of organizational trust and job satisfaction. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 17(2), 371-384. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-08-2021-0356

Peyton, T., Gip, H., Pasamehmetoglu, A., & Guchait, P. (2023). How authentic leadership cultivates trust and desirable workplace behaviors in hotels: Commitment and leader-follower value congruence matters. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2023.2207987

Pfeffer, J. (1983). Organisational demography. Research in Organisational Behavior, 5, 299-357.

Qurotalain, T., Sriyono., & Fitriyah, H. (2022). Effect of Self Efficacy, Training, Motivation, and Competence on Organizational Commitment with Employee Performance as Intervening Variables at PT Bina Utama Sakti. Mix Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen. 12(2). 189-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jurnal_mix.2022.v12i2.002

Rajesh, J. I., Prikshat, V., Kirk, S., Saeed, M. M., Patel, P., & Sheheryar Khan, M. M. (2023). Public service leadership: follower interpersonal communication satisfaction in transformational leadership and growth satisfaction, job stress and burnout. Journal of Asia Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-09-2022-0310

Robbins, Stephen P. & Timothy A. Judge. (2008). Organizational Behavior 12th Edition. Salemba Empat. Jakarta.

Schmidt, S. W. (2007). The relationship between satisfaction with workplace training and overall job satisfaction. Human resource development quarterly, 18(4), 481-498.

Sekaran, Uma dan Bougie, Roger. (2016). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Building Approach, 7th Edition. New Jersey: Wiley

Srivastava, S. (2013). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment relationship: Effect of personality variables. Vision, 17(2), 159-167.

Sunatar, B. (2023). The Effect of Education, Recruitment and Work Facilities on Employee Performance and Job Satisfaction as Intervening Variables at PT. GAG Nikel. Mix Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen. 13(2). 382-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jurnal_mix.2023.v13i2.009

Tajeddini, K., Budur, T., Gamage, T. C., Demir, A., Zaim, H., & Topal, R. (2023). Impact of diversity management on innovative work behavior: mediating role of human resource management and affective commitment. Journal of Management Development, 42(1), 29-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2022-0154

Theodora, A (2023). Bergantung pada sektor jasa, ekonomi tumbuh kurang produktif. Retrieved from: https://www.kompas.id/baca/ekonomi/2023/11/14/terlalu-bergantung-ke-sektor-jasa-ekonomi-ri-tumbuh-kurang-produktif

To, W. M., & Billy, T. W. (2023). Impact of difficult coworkers on employees' turnover intention: the mediating roles of perceived organizational support and affective commitment. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-11-2022-0477

Uhl-Bien, M., Riggio, R. E., Lowe, K. B., & Carsten, M. K. (2014). Followership theory: A review and research agenda. The leadership quarterly, 25(1), 83-104.

Visanh, P. and Xu, H. (2018). Factors affecting organizational commitment of employees of lao development bank, Sociology International Journal, Vol. 2 No. 6, pp. 809-818.

Wang, Q., Wang, J., Zhou, X., Li, F., & Wang, M. (2020). How inclusive leadership enhances follower taking charge: the mediating role of affective commitment and the moderating role of traditionality. Psychology research and behavior management, 1103-1114.

Wang, C. H., & McChamp, M. (2019). Looking at both sides of leader and follower political skill on work outcomes: the mediating role of job satisfaction. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja , 32(1), 824–849. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1585269

Wiganda, S., & Marsasi, E., G. (2023). How Gratitude and Self-Image Congruency Can Affect the Satisfaction, Trust and Affective Commitment?. Mix Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen. 13(2). 288-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jurnal_mix.2023.v13i1.003

Yasin, R., Jan, G., Huseynova, A., & Atif, M. (2023). Inclusive leadership and turnover intention: the role of follower–leader goal congruence and organizational commitment. Management Decision, 61(3), 589-609. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2021-0925

Yuliantini, T., Ramli, M., Kuswibowo, C., Malihah, F, D., & Ali, A., J. (2024). How Transformational Leadership and Job satisfaction Can Effect on Organizational Commitment and Increase Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Mix Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen. 14(1). 124-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jurnal_mix.2024.v14i1.007

Yousef, D. A. (2000). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction as predictors of attitudes toward organizational change in a non-western setting. Personnel Review, 29(5), 567–592.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jurnal_mix.2024.v14i2.015